前言Introduction
在這個活動，我們會學習如何使用立體打印筆來製作一個地球儀。首先，我們會重溫地球的七大洲和五大洋，以及有關經緯度的概念，然後會認識製作地球儀的步驟。
In this activity, we will learn how to make a globe with 3D printing pen. First, we will revise the knowledge about the seven continents and five oceans in the world, as well as the concept of longitude and latitude. Then, we will learn the steps of making a globe.
地球的七大洲及五大洋Seven continents and five oceans in the world
地球上有七大洲和五大洋。七大洲分別是亞洲、歐洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲、大洋洲和南極洲。五大洋則包括太平洋、大西洋、印度洋、南冰洋及北冰洋。
There are seven continents and five major oceans in the world. The seven continents are Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania and Antarctica. The five oceans are Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Antarctic Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
⯅ 世界地圖
⯅ World map
經緯度Longitude and latitude
經緯度是以度數表示的地理座標。我們可以利用由經度和緯度所組成的格網系統來標示各地的區位。
Longitude and latitude are geographic coordinates expressed in degrees. Together they form a grid system, which helps specify locations on Earth.
經度Longitude
- 顯示地球上某地方東西位置的座標，以0°至180°表示
- 經度相同的地點所連成的垂直線會於南極和北極相交
- 0°經線又稱為本初子午線，將地球分成東半球和西半球
- Longitude shows the east-west coordinate of a place. It ranges from 0° to 180°.
- Lines of longitude are imaginary lines that run vertically around the globe, meeting at the North Pole and the South Pole.
- The 0° longitude is known as the prime meridian. It divides Earth into the Eastern and the Western Hemispheres.
⯅ 經線
⯅ Longitudes
緯度Latitude
- 顯示地球上某地方南北位置的座標，以0°至90°表示
- 緯度相同的地點連成水平線，在南北兩極之間平行排列
- 0°緯線即是赤道，將地球分成北半球和南半球
- Latitude shows the north-south coordinate of a place. It ranges from 0° to 90°.
- Lines of latitude are horizontal lines that run parallel to one another between the two poles.
- The 0° latitude is known as the Equator. It divides Earth into the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres.
⯅ 緯線
⯅ Latitudes
設計與製作Design and DIY
建議材料及工具：Suggested materials and tools:
立體打印筆（連打印物料）
參考物料顏色：
藍色（代表經緯線及海洋）
綠色（代表各大洲，南極洲除外）
白色（代表南極洲）
3D printing pen (with printing materials)
Reference colour of the filaments:
Blue (represents longitudes, latitudes and oceans)
Green (represents continents, except Antarctica)
White (represents Antarctica)
1支
1
球形物件 （例如聖誕球形裝飾和美工用塑料球等）
Spherical object (e.g. Christmas ball ornament and plastic ball for craft)
1個
1
可放置球形物件的基座 （例如碗和瓶蓋等）
A base that can hold the spherical object (e.g. bowl and jar lid)
1個
1
油性畫筆（用途：繪畫經緯線和各大洲範圍，可使用兩種不同顏色以方便製作）
Marker pen(s) (Function: The pen(s) is/are used to draw longitudes, latitudes and the outline of continents. You may use different colours for the ease of making.)
1支或以上
1 or more
繩 / 長紙條
String / Paper strip
1條
1
剪刀（用途：如使用立體打印筆時繪製有誤，可用剪刀移除錯誤部分，再用打印筆修補）
Scissors (Function: In case of any mistake made when drawing with the 3D printing pen, you can cut out the problem part and draw again.)
1把
1
膠紙 / 膠泥
Adhesive tape / Plasticine
適量
Suitable amount
安全提示：Safety notes:
- 立體打印筆在使用時，噴咀的溫度會較高。同學應避免觸摸以免燙傷，或佩戴手套或指套。
- 由於立體打印筆剛擠出的塑料溫度會偏高，同學選用的球形物件必須有足夠的耐熱程度。同學也可使用鋁箔或其他耐熱物料包裹球形物件來製作地球儀。
- 活動進行前，應先查閱所用立體打印筆的使用指引，了解相關的使用方法及安全提示，並選用合適及安全的打印物料。
- The temperature of the nozzle is high when the 3D printing pen is in use. Students should not touch the nozzle with bare hands or else may get burned. Students may wear hand or finger gloves.
- As the temperature of the melted plastic just extruded from the 3D printing pen is high, the spherical object must be heat-resistant. You may use an aluminium foil or other heat-resistant materials to wrap the spherical object throughout the process.
- Before the activity, you should read through the user guide of your 3D printing pen to understand its use and the safety precautions. You should also select appropriate and safe filaments.
製作步驟Procedure
第一部分 — 使用畫筆繪畫經線和緯線Part I - Drawing the longitudes and latitudes with a marker pen
1.
使用畫筆在球形物件上繪畫赤道。
Use a marker pen to draw the Equator.
-
把球形物件放在基座上。
Put the spherical object on the base.
-
平放畫筆在赤道位置。
Hold the marker pen horizontally on the location of the Equator.
-
慢慢轉動球形物件以繪畫赤道。
Rotate the spherical object slowly to draw the Equator.
（提示：同學也可利用繩或長紙條，圍着球形物體的中間位置，來輔助繪畫赤道。）
(Note: You can also stick a piece of string or a long paper strip around the centre of the spherical object to help you draw the Equator.)
2.
在球形物件的正上方畫上「十」字，中間點便是地球儀的北極點。而這兩條線分別代表0°和90°經線。
Draw a ‘+’ on top of the spherical object with the marker pen. The centre of ‘+’ is the North Pole of the globe. The two lines are 0° and 90° longitude respectively.
3.
繪畫東經及西經30°、60°、120°及150°。
Draw the 30°, 60°, 120°and 150° longitudes on the east and the west.
（提示：如有需要，可請其他同學握穩球形物件，以方便量度角度和繪畫經線。）
(Note: You may ask your classmate to help you to hold the spherical object for you to do the measurement and draw the marks.)
-
使用量角器和直尺，每30°畫上標記。
Use a protractor and a ruler for measurement and draw a mark for every 30°.
-
如使用圖中所示的量角器，則可於每30°在量角器的另一邊畫上相應的標記。
If you are using a protractor similar to the one shown in the figure, you can draw a mark on the other side of the protractor for every 30°.
4.
延長各經線至赤道位置。
Extend the longitudes to the Equator.
5.
參考步驟1的方法，在北半球上繪畫兩條或以上的緯線。
Follow the method in Step 1, draw two or more latitudes on the Northern Hemisphere.
-
用繩或長紙條量度球形物件上半弧面的長度。
Use a piece of string or a long paper strip to measure the arc length of the upper half of the spherical object.
-
將長度平均分為三段，並畫上標記。
Divide the length into 3 equal parts and draw the marks.
-
將繩或長紙條固定到球形物件上。平放畫筆並慢慢轉動球形物件，在標記位置處畫上兩條緯線，這分別代表北緯30°及60°。
Place the string or paper strip on the spherical object. Hold the maker pen horizontally. Rotate the spherical object slowly to draw two latitudes according to the marks. They are 30°N and 60°N latitudes.
-
為方便在地球儀上貼上各大洲，如時間許可，可繪畫更多緯線。將球形物件上半弧面的長度平均分為六段，並畫上標記，以繪畫北緯15°、30°、45°、60°及75°。
For easier placing of the continents on the globe, more latitudes can be drawn if time allows. You can divide the arc length of the hemisphere into 6 equal parts and draw marks. After that, you can draw the 15°N, 30°N, 45°N, 60°N and 75°N latitudes.
第二部分 — 使用立體打印筆繪製北半球和南半球Part II - Making the Northern and Southern Hemispheres with 3D printing pen
6.
使用立體打印筆，沿畫筆所作的經線和緯線，繪畫北半球。
（參考打印物料顏色：藍色）
Use the 3D printing pen to make the Northern Hemisphere by drawing along the longitudes and latitudes outlined with marker pen.
(Reference colour of printing filament: Blue)
-
繪畫經線：
由北極點開始，沿着描線向下繪畫至赤道位置。
Draw the longitudes:
Start from the North Pole, draw along the outlines to the Equator.
-
繪畫緯線：
慢慢轉動球形物件，沿着描線繪畫緯線。你也可以沿着兩條經線之間的描線，將緯線一段段繪畫出來。
Draw the latitudes:
Rotate the spherical object slowly and draw along the outlines or draw the short horizontal segments between two longitudes one by one.
-
待物料硬化後，慢慢取出北半球，放置一旁備用。
Wait for the plastic to harden. Then remove the Northern Hemisphere gently and put it aside for later use.
7.
重覆步驟6，使用立體打印筆繪製南半球。
Repeat Step 6 to make the Southern Hemisphere with the 3D printing pen.
-
根據步驟6的方法，繪製南半球的經線和緯線，但不用繪畫赤道。
Follow the demonstration in Step 6 to draw the longitudes and latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. However, you do not need to draw the Equator.
-
待物料硬化後，慢慢取出南半球。
Wait for the plastic to harden. Then remove the Southern Hemisphere gently.
-
對齊南、北半球的經線，使用立體打印筆將兩邊組合起來。
Align the longitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Then connect the two parts with the 3D printing pen.
第三部分 — 使用畫筆繪畫各大洲Part III - Drawing the continents with marker pen
8.
使用另一種顏色的畫筆在球形物件上繪畫七個大洲。
Draw the seven continents on the spherical object with marker pen in a different colour.
-
由非洲開始，先找出非洲與赤道的相對位置，再繪畫其形狀。
You may start from Africa. Find the corresponding location of Africa with the Equator, then outline its shape.
-
由非洲延伸至亞洲和歐洲。
Extend from Africa to Asia and Europe.
-
再繪畫北美洲、南美洲、大洋洲和南極洲。
Then draw the North and South Americas, Oceania and Antarctica.
（提示：面積太小的區域，可於稍後步驟使用立體打印筆直接繪製在地球儀上。）
(Note: For the small regions, you can draw on the globe directly with the 3D printing pen in the later stage.)
各大洲範圍的參考資料：References of the seven continents:
流動裝置 (需先安裝「Google 地球」程式，你可按此前往相關網頁)
Mobile device (You may install the ‘Google Earth’ app by clicking HERE.)
-
點按左上方的「選單(Menu) 」按鈕。
Click the ‘Menu’ button at the top left corner.
-
點按「地圖樣式 (Map Style)」按鈕。
Click the ‘Map Style’ button.
-
點按「開啟格線 (Turn on Gridlines)」以顯示經緯度格線，你亦可選擇「不顯示資訊 (Clean)」樣式以方便觀看各大洲的形狀。
Click ‘Turn on Gridlines’ to show the longitudes and latitudes. You may switch to ‘Clean’ style for easier viewing of the shapes of the continents.
第四部分 — 使用立體打印筆繪製各大洲Part IV - Making the continents with with 3D printing pen
9.
為立體打印筆換上另一種顏色的打印物料。按步驟8所作的草圖，在球形物件上繪製出各大洲。
（參考打印物料顏色：綠色及白色）
Change the filament of the 3D printing pen with other colours. Based on the outlines made in Step 8, draw the continents with the 3D printing pen.
(Reference colour of the printing filament: Green and white)
-
使用立體打印筆及綠色的打印物料，沿着描線勾畫各大洲的形狀，南極洲除外。
Use the 3D drawing pen with green filament to outline the shape of all continents, except Antarctica.
-
填充各大洲。留意填充網格不應太密，以方便修改及取出部件。
Fill up the continents but not completely for now. Leave some space for the ease of repairing or removing the continents later.
-
如有白色打印物料，可換上並用以繪製南極洲。
If you have white filament, you can use it to draw Antarctica.
（提示：你也可以用白色打印物料繪製北半球上方的格陵蘭。）
(Note: You can also use the white filament to draw Greenland on the upper part of the Northern Hemisphere.)
-
完成後，放置一旁備用。
After filling up the continents, put aside for later use.
第五部分 — 組合各部件以完成地球儀Part V - Combining all parts to make the globe
10.
將各大洲組合到地球儀上。
Place the continents on the globe.
-
先取出其中一個大洲部件，放置在地球儀上適當的位置，再用立體打印筆組合。
Put one of the continents on the corresponding location of the globe, then use the 3D printing pen to assemble it.
-
取出另一個大洲，重覆以上步驟，將部件逐個組合到地球儀上。
Repeat the previous step to assemble all continents onto the globe.
-
組合各大洲後，將之前未繪畫的地方，使用立體打印筆直接繪製在地球儀上。另外，如需要修改部件，可用剪刀剪走錯誤部分，再作修改。
After assembling all of the continents, you can use the 3D printing pen to draw directly on the globe to add the missing regions. If you need to repair any part, you can cut out the problem part with scissors and draw it again.
11.
地球儀完成了！你可以繼續改良你的地球儀。
Your globe is completed! You may make further improvement.
-
你可以修補各大洲的形狀、補上欠缺的地方、更仔細地填充各大洲或填滿海洋。
You can fix the shape of the continents, add the missing regions, fill up the continents completely or fill up the oceans.
-
亦可製作地球儀的基座或小工具等，例如圖釘或旗。
You can also make a base for your globe and other gadgets, such as a flag or map pin.
討論Discussion
想一想Think about
1.
Can you point out the locations of the seven continents and five oceans?
2.
Which continent is the largest? Which is the smallest?
3.
Which ocean is the largest? Which is the smallest?
4.
Can you show the location of Hong Kong on your globe?
評核Evaluation
1.
同學可向老師及其他同學展示地球儀，並分享製作的過程。
Students can show their globes to teacher and other classmates, and share their process of making.
2.
老師可參考以下準則，以評核學生的表現。
Teacher can evaluate the performance of each student / group based on the following criteria.
|
評核準則
Assessment criteria
|
水平
Quality of work
|
|
優異
Excellent
|
良好
Good
|
普通
Average
|
尚可
Satisfactory
|
差劣
Poor
|
地理知識的應用
例如：各大洲的地理位置及形狀
Application of geography knowledge
E.g. The location and shape of continents
|
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
設計及製作
例如：地球儀的形狀及堅固程度
Design and making
E.g. The shape of the globe and whether it is strong enough
|
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
立體打印筆的操作
例如：繪製圖形及更換打印物料的技巧
Technique in using the 3D printing pen
E.g. Skill in drawing and changing the filament
|
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
外觀及創意
例如：小工具的製作
Appearance and creativity
E.g. The making of gadgets
|
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
協作、報告及演示
Collaboration, presentation and display
|
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
整體表現
Overall performance
|
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |